BASIC PROPELLER PRINCIPLES - TORQUE AND P FACTOR

To the pilot, "torque" (the left turning tendency of the airplane) is made up of four elements which cause or produce a twisting or rotating motion around at least one of the airplane's three axes. These four elements are:
1. Torque Reaction from Engine and Propeller.
2. Corkscrewing Effect of the Slipstream.
3. Gyroscopic Action of the Propeller.
4. Asymmetric Loading of the Propeller (P Factor).